Beloved: The Human Condition :: essays research papers

     Toni Morrisons novel, Beloved, reveals the effects of human emotion and its power to cast an individual into a try against him or herself. In the beginning of the novel, the reader sees the main character, Sethe, as a charr who is resigned to her desolate life and isolates herself from all those around her. Yet, she was once a woman full of feeling she had loved her husband Halle, loved her four young children, and loved the days of the Clearing. And thus, Sethe was jaded when she began her life at 124 Bluestone Road-- she had loved too much. by and by failing to save her children from the schoolteacher, Sethe suffered forever with guilt and regret. Guilt for having killed her "crawling already?" baby daughter, and then regret for not having succeeded in her task. It later becomes apparent that Sethes tragic past, her chokecherry tree, was the reason why she lived a life of isolation. Beloved, who shares with Seths that one fatal moment, reacts t o it in a completely different way because of her obsessive and vengeful love, she haunts Sethes house and fights the forces of death, exactly to come back in an attempt to take her mothers life. Through her usage of symbolism, Morrison exposes the internal conflicts that encumber her characters. By contrasting those individuals, she shows tragedy in the human condition. two Sethe and Beloved suffer the devastating emotional effects of that one fateful event while the guilty mother who lived refuses to passionately love again, the daughter who was betrayed fights enlightenment and hell- in the name of love- just to live again.     Sethe was a woman who knew how to love, and ultimately fell to ruin because of her "too-thick love" (164). Within Sethe was the power of unconditional love for her children-- she had "milk enough for all" (201). Morrison uses breast milk to symbolize how strong Sethes maternal desires were. She could never forget the t error of the schoolteacher robbing her of her nurturing juices, she crawled on bleeding limbs to fill her babys lecture with her milk, and finally, she immortalized that grim summer day when she fed Denver her breast milk-- mingled with blood. The bestial image of milk and blood further fortifies the eminence of maternal instinct by portraying the value of a mothers milk as equal to that of her blood. And the

No “More” Socialism: Debunking Raphael Hythlodaeus’ Argument Against Pr

George Orwell, in his famous essay, Why Socialists Dont Believe in Fun, aptly described the problem of any Utopian ideal. It would seem that hu existence beings be not able to describe, nor perhaps to imagine, happiness except in terms of contrast Nearly all creators of Utopia have resembled the man who has (a) toothache, and therefore thinks happiness consists in not having a toothache. They wanted to produce a perfect society by an endless continuation of something that had only been priceless because it was temporary (Orwell). In Thomas Mores Utopia, Raphael Hythloday is used as a conduit through which More expresses his distaste with private property. It is striking how true Orwells words can be applied to Mores Utopia. Mores criticism of private property is structurally fallible, and his description of an alternative is deeply implausible. Raphael is used to lay out the Utopian alternative economic and civic system, from the common-place peasant subsistence economy of Mores England through his description of the idealist island of Utopia (Overton 4). Raphaels case against private property is built upon two principle supports the perceived fallacies and failures in a peasant subsistence capitalistic economy, and how seemingly intuitive the socialistic alternatives of the island of Utopia are in solving the tribulations which so perplex the worlds peasantry. If we analyze Raphaels argument, we find that it is grossly mis-calculated. The assumptions made in both the construction of Utopia and the deconstruction of Englands economic system are both contradictory and completely over-simplified. With our advantage of economic and historical hindsight we can see that Raphael lays blame without knowledge, and we can se... ... A. Von. collectivist Economic Planning. London s.n., 1950. Print. Hunt, E. K. History of Economic Thought A Critical Perspective. Armonk, NY M.E. Sharpe, 2002. Print. Marx, Karl, Friedrich Engels, David McLellan, and Samuel Moore. The Communist Manifesto. Oxford u.a. Oxford UP, 1998. Print. Mill, John Stuart, and W. J. Ashley. Principles of Political Economy, with Some of Their Applications to Social Philosophy. New York A. M. Kelley, eller, 1965. Print. More, Thomas, and George M. Logan. Utopia A rewrite Translation, Backgrounds, Criticism. New York W.W. Norton &, 2011. Print. Orwell, George. The Collected Essays, Journalism, and Letters of George Orwell. New York Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968. Print. Overton, Mark. Agricultural Revolution in England The Transformation of the Agrarian Economy, 1500-1850. Cambridge Cambridge UP, 1996. Print.

Revenge At Its Sweetest :: essays research papers

Only a few slow moving tumbleweeds occupied the desert terrain. The endless plain of spit and hot teetotal dirt counted to have no occupants, it was as if the ground hadnt been walked over for years. Suddenly, the seemingly endless silence was broken by a gradual fade into a chaotic rumbling. The sound grew more ferocious and eventually became unbearably loud. Just then in the distance behind a cliff, a cloud of dust appeared and out of it raced seven gondolas racing at insane speeds. It looked as if the simple machines had been built from scraps of hard iron and metal for the sole purpose was to fight against another(prenominal) contenders in this barren wasteland. In front of the ringing was a sleek fast car, being pursued by six other cars, but sensation could tell the leading car was an extremely experienced driver possessing total control of the vehicle. The dark and mysterious figure behind the wheel of the leading car was wearing a helmet with the name "MAX" on the side of it. Max reached across the seat and pulled out a shotgun, and after putting it out the window shot a round back at the following pack of cars. Immediately after one car at the back swerved dangerously and furled several times before bursting into flames sending pieces of metal all the barren wasteland.A pack of cars was quickly approaching a deep canyon, they would have to boom hard now to avoid hitting the edge of it. Max didnt slow down, Max pushed the accelerator with such an extreme force and determination that it seemed as if the car screamed in pain as it lurched forward, faster than ever. Then the car leapt off the canyons edge and became airborne. Gliding through the air without any control of the car didnt seem to faze Max at all. The car seemed to delicately touch down on the other side as if there was a bridge. The following pack ended up being obliterated against the other side of the canyons jaws.Max was finally alone, killing off the opposition had been easy, almost too easy probing for the final destination was difficult due to the similarity of the horizon in every direction. Yet eventually a dark mass loomed up, "Looks like the bastards hideout", Max muttered. "Taking care of them will accomplish my vendetta for what they did to my love".

Welty’s A Worn Path: The Strength of Love :: A Worn Path essays

Strength of Love in A Worn fashion In the story A Worn Path, Eudora Welty shows an old woman supporting in a time period where racial prejudice is rampant and appear of control. genus Phoenix Jackson is a grandmother whose only motivation for living is to nurture her grandson back to health. The strength of love may make people do or say unusual and implausible things. The central idea of this story is that love can empower someone to all over come many serious obstacles. The idea is shown when an old woman conquers all odds against her to show her everlasting love for her grandson. Throughout the story Phoenix Jackson has to overcome many types of obstacles that encumber her in her devotion to help her grandson. One of the main hindrances that stand in her way is the physical aspect of her age as well as the journey. Phoenix Jackson is very weak and feeble because of her old age so that makes her long journey very strenuous. Another physical obstacle is that she has to weav e and duck under a barbwire fence. Her feeble body cannot handle such(prenominal) tasks at her age. The third hindrance she must defeat is that she must cross over a log that lay across a creek. This requires concentration, sk convalescent, and patients. Even people whom are twice as young as Phoenix have trouble doing such things. Not many other emotional force other then love is strong enough to give power to an old woman who is living only for one reason. She realizes that if she were to die then the fate of her grandson would be damned. There are also mental obstacles that obstruct Phoenixs journey. She has to triumph over her weariness because of her old age and her mental fatigue. As she is walking her mind plays tricks on her, such as the time when she is in the field and mistakes the scarecrow for a dark mysterious figure that she is frightened of. Another time is when she talks to herself and the animals in the woods. She tells them not to get in her way because she has a long spark off ahead of her. The love that one person gives to another is never truly appreciated until the recipient realizes what that person has actually done. The grandson may be too ill or even too young to realize what his grandmother is doing for his safety.

Analysis of the First Paragraph in Porter’s Old Mortality :: Porter’s Old Mortality

Analysis of the First Paragraph in Porters Old Mortality First, I would want to make some broad generalizations about Katherine Anne Porters stories. The selections of stories that I have read could be considered stories about transition, passage from an mature world to a new. There is a prolific amount of life and death imagery related to changes from slavery to freedom, aristocracy to middle-class, and birth to death. Her stories contain characters from several generations and the narratives move done out this multi-generational consciousness. The stories are as much about antitheses as the move from tradition to modernity or new ideas/ideals. The narrative perspectives illustrate the chasm between old and young/old and new.I believe the opening text of Old Mortality illustrates both the conflicting views of different generations/values and ideals as well as the attempt to understand and resolve each others opposite. The first paragraph gives the reader a description of Aunt Amy . It is difficult to distinguish who the narrator of the text is at this particular point. It is neither Miranda or Maria nor the Grandmother. It would appear to be an omniscient narrator of no relation to the characters. Yet, the narrator displays the affect of both the young girls feelings and thoughts about Aunt Amys picture as well as the Grandmothers perception of Amy. While the first sentence is by and large objective description, the second sentence is full of the affectation of a subjective point of view. Aunt Amy is described as wearing a white trio that rose from the neck of her tightly buttoned black basque, and round white cuffs set off lazy hands with dimples in them, lying at rilievo in the folds of her flounced skirt. Words like tightly, lazy, and ease seem to describe what would be considered the traditional concept of the Southern woman. The wealthy Southern female is conservative, pure, fragile, peaceful, and delicate. These descriptive haggling could be viewed as an alignment with the traditional Southern view of women therefore Amy is beautiful and charming in the eyes of the Grandmother and every older soul and everyone who had known her. However, within those same words there appears the rather opposite yet still highly subjective view of the young girls who are attempting to patch up the new values and ideas of the present with the old traditions of the past. The words tightly, lazy, and ease could be seen from the young girls perspective as negative descriptions suggesting boundaries, confinement, limitations, and exclusion.

An Exhibition of Portraits by Alice Neel Essay -- Art Appreciation

An Exhibition of Portraits by Alice NeelAn exhibition of portraits of the family by Alice Neel, one of the finest painters of her generation, is at the Norton Museum of cunning February 14 by March 29, 1998. Both critics and the subjects of her paintings have written of Neels ability to portray the dynamics of relationships. Kinships focuses on particular family relationships siblings, domestic pairs, parents and children, and members of her own family. The exhibition was organized by the Tacoma Art Museum, and is sponsored by The Elizabeth Norton Society.Born in 1900, Alice Neel worked as a figurative painter during the decades of WPA realism, postwar abstract expressionism, and 1970s minimalism. She persevered in her work despite a unquiet personal life that included a year of hospitalization after a nervous breakdown, the destruction in 1934 of over two hundred and fifty paintings and drawings, and little attention to her work until the 1960s. Her art demonstrates a vigorous w orking manner, an unsparing skill in observation and a generous tolerance for the whimsicality of human nature.Neel disliked being called a portraitist, but rather labeled herself as a collector of souls. She believed that each person has an identity, an essential core of personality, and it was this that she want to reveal in her paintings. She often captured aspects of relationships of which her subjects were not aware, and combined in her work her stringent analysis of their interactions with a broad acceptance of the depth of human emotions. She multi-colored her subjects as distinct individuals, in the poses that were natural to them poses that, in Neels words, involve ... all their character and social standing ... what the world has done to them, and their retaliation.The compositions, as well as the subjects body language, of such works as The Black Spanish American Family or Annemarie and Georgia, allows the viewer to observe how family members draw together tenderly or reluctantly, research away, touch one another, draw back, or open up. The arms of the parents often encircle their children in Neels paintings. The early Mother and Child, Havana, 1926, uses this pose to depict a simple, sacrosanct relationship.However, in later works, such as Mother and Child (Nancy and Olivia), 1967, the poses are more attuned to the ambivalent emotions present in... ...t on Neels own art. No better licence exists than her portraits of pregnant nudes. It was a subject she first approached in 1964, ultimately painting a total of seven such portraits, with Evanss being her last. The subject had a all-powerful resonance at a time when women were newly educating themselves about the form and function of their anatomies. The Boston Womens Health Book Collective published Our Bodies, Ourselves in 1973, piece of music Adrienne Richs classic Of Woman Born Motherhood as Experience and Institution appeared in 1976. As opportunities for women widened dramatically, de bate and discussion about their biological destinies and responsibilities intensified. Neels paintings of pregnant women offered no clear opinions or solutions. But, in retrospect, as with all of Neels best work, Margaret Evans Pregnant endures as both a portrait of a person and a go out of a time.Ann Temkin is the Muriel and Philip Berman curator of modern and contemporary art at the Philadelphia Museum of Art. She organized the Alice Neel exhibition that opens at the Whitney Museum of American Art next month and travels to the Philadelphia Museum of Art, February 18 through with(predicate) April 15, 2001.

An Exhibition of Portraits by Alice Neel Essay -- Art Appreciation

An Exhibition of Portraits by Alice NeelAn exhibition of portraits of the family by Alice Neel, one of the finest painters of her generation, is at the Norton Museum of guile February 14 finished March 29, 1998. Both critics and the subjects of her paintings have written of Neels ability to portray the dynamics of relationships. Kinships focuses on particular family relationships siblings, domestic pairs, parents and children, and members of her own family. The exhibition was organized by the Tacoma Art Museum, and is sponsored by The Elizabeth Norton Society.Born in 1900, Alice Neel worked as a figurative painter during the decades of WPA realism, postwar abstract expressionism, and 1970s minimalism. She persevered in her work despite a degraded personal life that included a year of hospitalization after a nervous breakdown, the destruction in 1934 of over two hundred and 50 paintings and drawings, and little attention to her work until the 1960s. Her art demonstrates a vigorous working manner, an unsparing skill in observation and a generous tolerance for the volatility of human nature.Neel disliked being called a portraitist, but rather labeled herself as a collector of souls. She believed that each person has an identity, an essential core of personality, and it was this that she sought-after(a) to reveal in her paintings. She often captured aspects of relationships of which her subjects were not aware, and combined in her work her stringent analysis of their interactions with a broad acceptance of the depth of human emotions. She multi-colour her subjects as distinct individuals, in the poses that were natural to them poses that, in Neels words, involve ... all their character and social standing ... what the world has done to them, and their retaliation.The compositions, as well as the subjects body language, of such works as The Black Spanish American Family or Annemarie and Georgia, allows the viewer to observe how family members draw together ten derly or reluctantly, get a line away, touch one another, draw back, or open up. The arms of the parents often encircle their children in Neels paintings. The early Mother and Child, Havana, 1926, uses this pose to depict a simple, cover relationship.However, in later works, such as Mother and Child (Nancy and Olivia), 1967, the poses are more attuned to the ambivalent emotions present in... ...t on Neels own art. No better take to exists than her portraits of pregnant nudes. It was a subject she first approached in 1964, ultimately painting a total of seven such portraits, with Evanss being her last. The subject had a mesomorphic resonance at a time when women were newly educating themselves about the form and function of their anatomies. The Boston Womens Health Book Collective published Our Bodies, Ourselves in 1973, charm Adrienne Richs classic Of Woman Born Motherhood as Experience and Institution appeared in 1976. As opportunities for women widened dramatically, debat e and discussion about their biological destinies and responsibilities intensified. Neels paintings of pregnant women offered no clear opinions or solutions. But, in retrospect, as with all of Neels best work, Margaret Evans Pregnant endures as both a portrait of a person and a picture of a time.Ann Temkin is the Muriel and Philip Berman curator of modern and contemporary art at the Philadelphia Museum of Art. She organized the Alice Neel exhibition that opens at the Whitney Museum of American Art next month and travels to the Philadelphia Museum of Art, February 18 with April 15, 2001.

The Practice Of Concrete Repair Health And Social Care Essay

Concrete cook can be defined as the act of regenerating, reconstructing, or replacing of any c all over or cover locates after initial arrangement ( Smoak et al, 2002 ) . In general, the demand for cover do can originate from opposite causes which may change from peasant concrete holes or cracks- such as ensuing from minor imperfectnesss due to snap-tie holes or she-bolt holes, to major amendss ensuing from outer elements or structural failures. In pattern, it is run aground that the bulk of the defects can be mended or made good, mend in some instances it is frequently found that the re create of the smatterle member or body structure is frequently economical ( Allen et al, 2005 ) .It is agreed in general that the protection and the cakehole of the concretes are complex labors which requires particular attending and incorporate cognition of incompatible specializer Fieldss. Due to the explosive growing of economic systems around the universe and due to the increa sed investing in substructures ( particularly in footings of care, Resto balancen and fix ) in the recent old ages, the fix and protection of concrete constructions has become a major subject of both scientific and economic involvement. As a consequence, the building industry has faced many challenges and demands. Underneath these demands lies the fact that the concrete construction deteriorate over clip at unbearable rates. As such, it is extremely requirement to develop the ways by which the life of the concrete constructions can be increased. in that location is in addition a demand for appropriate tools and techniques to transport out the undertaking of fix and care of the concrete constructions within the limited budgets available. It is besides of import to see the importance of environmental conditions to which the concrete constructions are exposed while twaddle the tools and techniques employed for the fix of the constructions.The field of concrete fix calls for the int egrated cognition ( expertness ) of unlike scientific Fieldss. The basic thought behind this fact is that the edifices or the concretes are confronting different environmental or external conditions and around the universes, the field pose many challenges to both the academe and the practicians likewise. Added to this, the fact that many edifices have their personal history and nature, it becomes necessary to develop and implement single schemes and solutions for the protection, fix and care of concretes. As a consequence of these complications, different basic schemes and solutions has been developed of the fix of the concrete constructions ( Raupach, cited in black lovage et Al, 2009 ) . This highlights the fact that this country requires knowledge from different Fieldss and that the sphere of the topic is more of interdisciplinary in nature.2.2.1 The pattern of concrete fixThere are different criterions to which the pattern of fix of the concrete should be carried out. EN 1504 provides 43 methods to mend and protect the concrete constructions which are based on 11 different rules. However, it is by and large recommended that the interior decorator can take the appropriate solution depending on different conditions like the economical and proficient considerations ( Alexander et al, 2009 ) . It has besides been recommended in the old surveies that while choosing the optimum methods for different state of proceduress, the interior decorator should look into in item the particular inquiries such as the needed degree of care, lastingness, and the sustainability ( ibid ) .Many writers have based their plants on the subject of concrete fixs ( Wall and Shrive, 1998 Kuhlmann, 1990 Plum, 1990, etc ) . Though there are many methods or criterions sing the concrete fixs, it can besides be note that there is no standard design specification for the fix of the concretes. It can be argued from an beginning that a proper apprehension of why the spots fail could pe rchance cut down the figure of failures. However, due to the absence of standard design process for the fix of the concretes and the deficiency of apprehension, many inquiry workers have now concentrated their attempts towards understanding the lastingness of fix spots.2.3 Adhesion between the concretesIn the field of concrete research, the devotion between the concrete is unitary among the largely researched subjects. This has been argued to be an of import facet that influences the lastingness and the dependability of the spot up or the fix works ( Czarnecki et al, 2007 ) .In general, bail which can be considered as a basic issue in the fix of the concretes can be defined as the alliance of ii gorges in contact ( Czarnecki, cited in Alexander, M. G. , et Al, 2009 ) .The EN 1504-10 criterions ( European Standards ) apply the term coalition to bespeak the esteem that takes topographical point between the old concrete and the cutting concrete. As such, it is an of import factor that can besides find the effectivity of the fix. Fiebrich ( 1994 ) divided the adhesiveness mechanisms into three types mechanical interaction, chemical hold fast and thermodynamic mechanisms.The European Standards, EN 1504 provides two ways of look of the formulated confiscate degree consequences of the trammel ( Czarnecki, cited in Alexander, M. G. , et Al, 2009 ) .Threshold value in MPa towards structural fix ( EN 1504-3 ) & gt 2,0MPa ( Class R4 ) , & gt 1,5 MPa ( Class R3 ) Pass/fail standards towards structural tie downing ( EN1504-4 ) e.g. hardened concrete-to-hardened concrete or fresh concrete-to-hardened concrete the trial shall ensue in break in the concrete. one time the bond is formed between the concretes, the bond can so be said to be effectual merely if the fresh formed bond ensures an even distribution of the emphasiss and an effectual transportation of burden without failure.Specifically, it has been found that the addition in adhesion, consequen ces in high(prenominal) tolerance on non-compatibility retention of both the old concrete and the new covering stuff ( Czarnecki et al, 2007 ) .2.4 Factors impacting AdhesionThere are many basic theories on adhesion that describe the mechanisms of the attachment between the old concrete and the new sheathing stuff. The chief theories pointed by different writers on the subject are the soaking up theories and the mechanical pulley-block theories ( Emmons et Al, 1994 Santos et Al, 2007 Maerz et Al, 2001 ) . Briefly, in the first-year theory associating to the thermodynamic muster up assimilation the intermolecular forces or the Van der waal forces, the chemical linkage through and through the larboard and the H affair increases the bond between the old and the new concrete. The 2nd theory of mechanical blocking can be broken down at two degrees inaugural macroscopic in which the rough water of surface creates mechanical blockings between sheathing and concrete and secondly a t microscopic degree, the surface porousness at the port substrate, comparable to a micro-roughness, facilitates grounding by tangle of hydrates, Bouksani et Al ( 2010 ) .Czarnecki ( 2009 ) in his research about the adhesive facets of the concrete bonds gave a important decision. He think that there are many factors impacting the adhesive authorisations. These includedThe belongingss of the fix stuffs this included, viscousness, shrinking during puting, surface tenseness, weirdo, etc.Old concrete ( concrete substrate ) strength of the stuff, heading of drosss, clefts present on the surface and the micro clefts, porousness of the stuff, the disorder pathss of the surface, etc, .The consequence of the environment the degree of temperature- the transmutation and the rate of alteration, presence of moisture- humidness degree and the alteration of humidness degree, the phenomenon of transportation- suction due to capillary consequence, the loading-mechanical burden, ageing, conse quence of corrosion etc, .All these factors mentioned supra could act upon the bond between the concretes. Many of the factors could increase the bonds between the concretes but, in most of the instances, these grounds cause devastation in concrete bonds. Due to these grounds, it is obvious there is still a demand for the High Adhesive Repair Materials to be used in the fix patterns in order to turn to these issues.It has been identified that adhesion will depend on many factors. These are mainly due to the phenomena that take topographic point at the port country of the concretes ( Slater, 2001 ) . The chief phenomena includes, raggedness of the stuff surface, presence of unwavering on the surface, the humidness degrees of the external environment, external burden, wetability of the surface, the belongingss or the influence of the linear stuffs, etc, .The importance of surface raggedness, wet status and bring arounding status is frequently highlighted in many researches. It has b een said that the first measure in fix or the care of the concrete after taking the method is to fix the surface of the bing concrete on to which the concrete is to be laid. This may include the remotion of the bing deteriorated concrete bed so that this can be replaced by the new stuff. The strength will depend on the manakin of attachment of the new stuff on to the bing stuff. However, the influence of the raggedness and the wet of the surface besides contribute to the boilers suit bond between the old and the new concrete. Therefore, it is really of import to guarantee that the wet and the roughness quality of the surface is achieved to the needed degree earlier the new concrete is laid on to the bing concrete ( Courard, 2000 ) .The difference in the consequence of the researches carried out by different research workers could be observed on the status under which the hardening is carried out the humidness status the bonding agents used in the experiment the temperature at which the trial is carried out the age of the specimen the type of the trial employed the design/frame-up of the specimen, etc. To this point, Julio et Al ( 2004 ) argued the importance of different trial parametric quantities to be considered while comparing the consequences. They noted that these differences produced contradictory consequences and as such, there is no consensus in the findings. Therefore it is by and large agreed that the comparing of findings appear to be hard. But, to acquire an overview of the current cognition and substantial findings some of the major factors that expunge the adhesion between concretes are discussed below.2.4.1 A individual inspect sing assorted factorsWall et Al ( 1988 ) investigated the factors impacting the bond between the old and the new concrete in concrete fixs. The experiment was carried out to research the effects on the bonds based on different parametric quantities. These parametric quantities included the thickness of the be d of the bonds, the ratio of the cement and weewee used in fixing the howitzer, the influence of different conditions under which the hardening appendage was carried out, the influence of wetting the surface of the old concrete onto which the new concrete is laid, the influence of the hold between blending the copolymer PVA bonding agent and its application to the old concrete.The major difference that can be noted from the resume carried out by Wall et Al ( 1988 ) and opposite researches is the difference in the bonding strength of the specimens incorporating the Portland cement to the specimens that contained Copolymer PVA agents. It was observed in their contemplate that the specimens that contained Portland cement howitzer were stronger than the PVA agent 1s.Major differences were besides found in the trials associating to the thickness of the new concrete bed or the repair stuff applied to the older concretes. It was found that the strength increased when the thickness red uced ( 1/8 in and 3/16 in turn up stronger than the 1/4 in bed ) . However, the writers do non give farther account sing this phenomenon. Notably, the research did non supply clear account about the affect of cement to H2O ratio. The compressive strengths for different H2O to cement ratios were found to be different. Ultimate compressive emphasis for a H2O cement ratio of 0.32 was found to be lower ( 1870 pounds per square inch lower ) than the one which had a H2O cement ratio of 0.40 by this observation, Wall et Al ( 1988 ) concluded that the bond strength between the two concretes decreased as the H2O cement ratio besides decreased.One another determination was about the surface status of the substrate concrete before the application of the new bed. It was found that the pre-wetting of the substrate before the application of the new bed resulted in bettering the strength of the bond. In instances when the PVA bonding agents dried before the application of the fix stuff to the su rface, it was found that the compressive strength of the bonds decreased by 10 % . However, it was besides found that the howitzers with PVA modified cements produced higher bond strength.One other of import facet found was the influence of the bring arounding status on the strength of the bonds. Different specimens were cured under different hardening conditions. It was found to impact the ultimate strength. Though it was found that the specimens that were cured under high humidness conditions ( 100 % ) had greater strengths than the 1s cured in little humid conditions, the differences were non considerable. Hence it was concluded that the grade of influence was little when sing other parametric quantities.2.3.2 solve of Material for the RepairThough there are many methods that can be followed while mending the concretes, it is advised that proper attention should besides be taken while sing the fix stuff. Once these have been selected, the following of import measure is to clea rly understand the conditions that the concrete will see over its life. Some of the cardinal factors are the conditions conditions, chemical exposures, the celestial orbit of temperature, the magnitude of the burden and the continuance to which the concrete is exposed to the burden, the nature of the spot ( aesthetic or structural ) , etc. It is of import to see these facts because different researches in to the field of the concretes have shown that the public presentation of the spot stuff varies under different conditions. It can be argued that proper attention should be taken while choosing the spot stuffs by giving proper consideration to the stuff belongingss of the substrate concrete and the old concrete and the conditions to which the concrete will be exposed over its life. It could be recommended that the stuffs with different belongingss could be selected merely if the bond strengths are non affected and further it does non do any lastingness jobs ( Wipf et al, 2004 ) . H owever, it is critical to guarantee that the internal emphasiss do non transcend the tensile emphasiss of the substrate ( Wipf et al, 2004 ) .Influence of AdulthoodThe bond between the substrate and the new concrete has besides been linked with the adulthood of the sheathing. This was pointed by Delatte et Al ( 2000 ) . To flourish over this subject, they linked the adulthood of the sheathing to the bond strength, which in bend was related to the overall strength of the stuff ( interface ) . It was concluded in their research that the early- age strength of the concrete had important consequence on the bond strength and the tensile strength of the stuff. These groups of researches have besides highlighted that sheathing or the interface as one of the major zones of the break. Therefore, harmonizing to Beushausen and Alexander ( 2008 ) , mechanisms of bond failures in relation to the parametric quantities of stuff and the location of failure will necessitate farther research.2.3.3 I nfluence of Test MethodIt has been argued in the old diaries that the quality of the bond strength can be influenced by a scope of parametric quantities associating to the stuff and the conditions of the environment ( Alexander and Beushausen, 2008 ) . Another of import factor is the trial method used. There are assorted test methods proposed to measure bond belongingss and public presentation of fix stuffs in general. They include the tensile bond, slant- dress, twist-off, flexural and patch trial etc. , However each trial is influenced by different combinations of factors and can non give entirely a full image ( Austin et al,1999 ) . For case, Momayez et Al ( 2005 ) reported in their survey that in few instances bond strength from some trials were upto eight times higher than those obtained from other type of trials.Additionally, it is of import to observe that the mechanical adhesion in tenseness varies well from that in shear ( Alexander and Beushausen, 2008 ) . Therefore, it ca n be argued that the positions of different writers will besides depend on the pick of the methods used in finding the bond strength.2.3.4 Condition of the surface of the interfaceThe bond strength besides depends on the general status of the surface like cleanliness. There is besides particular industry criterions to which the cleansing and preparing of the concrete surface should be carried out before the fix is carried out ( Charles and Scott, 1997 ) . In add-ons to these criterions, there are besides many standard recommendations provided by different makers of the fix material merchandises. The more normally cognise industry criterions are ASTM D 4258 bob up Cleaning Concrete for Coating ASTM D 4259 Abrading Concrete ASTM Standards for Cleaning, Surface Preparation, and Testing ASTM D 4285 Indicating Oil of Water in Compressed Air, etc.One of the major points to be considered while cleaning the surface is the presence of the surface contaminations. This can be in the sign ifier of liquids or solids. There is a manageable menace that these contaminations could jobs for the application of the stuff, hardening, adhesion or other things which are critical for organizing the bond between the two concrete beds ( Wipf et al, 2004 ) . It is noted that the presence of dust and unsound concretes are besides a major barrier for organizing a strong bond between concretes. It is recommended that the usage of the doodly-squat cock be avoided when covering with the damaged concretes. Alternatively, the usage of the chisel and cock can guarantee that the structural belongingss of the concretes are non affected ( Ibid ) .2.3.5 Influence of RoughnessThe influence of the raggedness to the bond strength between the concretes has been argued by many writers. It has been argued in the old surveies that the add-on of the ordinary concrete on to the interface that is unsmooth green goods better consequences than the 1 that was laid on to the smooth interface ( Garbacz et a l, 2006 ) . These findings are like to the 1s investigated by other writers excessively. Matana et Al ( 2005 ) identified in their research that the bonds between the concretes provided good bond strength when the stuff had unsmooth interface. Similar consequences were besides given by Courard ( 2006 ) . Roughness of the substrate surface is frequently presented as the most of import factor to accomplish a good bond. This betterment is chiefly assigned to the addition of the contact surface ( Talbot et al 94, Santos et al 07 ) .On the other manus through the survey done by Perez et Al ( 2009 ) , while analyzing about the correlativity between the raggedness of substrate surface and debonding hazard, they interpreted by their consequences that increasing of raggedness does non heighten the bond strength.The argument over the influence of raggedness is still an on-going issue and as such, the consequence of the raggedness of the concrete surface over adhesion procedure is non really clear ( Austin et al, 1995 Czarnecki, et Al, 2003 ) . Some research workers have argued that there is influence of surface sums on the degree of adhesion that take topographic point at the interface. A seeable sum of ratios between 30 to forty per centums provided better consequences ( Fiebrich, 1994 ) . Fukuzawa et Al ( 2001 ) , argued the being of correlativity between roughness parametric quantities of the material surface and the adhesion strength. Though the raggedness of the stuff is an of import factor, some writers ( Silfwerbrand, 1990 ) have besides pointed the affect of micro clefts that are produced on the surface of the concrete when the surface is treated by different methods to accomplish the raggedness. These sorts of micro clefts are found to deteriorate the quality of the bonds that is formed between the concretes ( Garbacz et al, 2005 ) .2.3.6 Influence of wetWith respects to the presence of wet, recent surveies provide a better apprehension to the subject of infl uence of the wet on the strength of the bond. Bouksani et Al ( 2010 ) , in their survey on the influence of the raggedness and wet of the substrate surface on the bond between the old and the new concrete, suggest that the incursion of the sheathing stuff into the substrate concrete is chiefly dependent on quality readying of the substrate surface.They besides suggested that the surface of the substrate should be stark(a) with dry surface- which path that the surface of the substrate is non stagnated with H2O, so that it ensures that a good micro raggedness and a better thermodynamic surface assimilation is achieved. They suggest that the stagnancy of the H2O on the substrate surface can forestall the pores from absorbing the sheathing stuff which can ensue in a weak adhesion procedure. The overall consequence of over stagnancy is that, it will stand as a barrier in the interface zone cut downing the attachment procedure.On the other manus if the substrate stuff surface is dry wit h really low wet or no wet, this will ensue in the interface absorbing more H2O from the freshly laid stuff. Such a procedure will besides cut down the overall adhesion procedure as this could ensue in higher opportunity of uncomplete hydration of the cement. Therefore, it can be concluded that the wet needs to be present merely to a optimal degree. Excessively much wet or excessively small presence of wet will ensue in a weak adhesion procedure.Similarly, Xu ( 1999 ) besides studied bond strength utilizing oven dry, air dry and concentrated surface dry status of substrate. He reported that prewetting the surface of concrete substrate reduced the bond strength of the specimens used in his experiment from 0.64 to 0.12 MPaHowever, Saucier and Pigeon ( 1991 ) did nt happen any noteworthy difference between the bond strength of lab dried surface and pre-wetted surfaces in slant shear trial. In another survey, Austin et Al. ( 1995 ) did work on happening bond strength utilizing substrate s with concentrated surface prohibitionist, saturated surface moisture and air dry wet conditions. They besides reported no important difference in bond strengths ( about 2.77 to 2.98 MPa ) due to the different wet status of substrate.2.3.7 Influence of Bring arounding ConditionThere are a few researches carried out refering the affect of bring arounding status on the shear bond strength. Yee and Ibrahim ( 2010 ) in their survey on shear capacity of precast slabs investigated the difference in consequences for H2O cured samples and air cured samples.The consequences they got were changing with similar raggedness feature of surface but different bring arounding status. For case, a unsmooth surface produced higher shear capacity than a smooth one in air cured status whereas a smooth surface produced 16 to 18 % higher shear capacity in H2O cured conditions. Another noteworthy point was the influence of bring arounding status on the interface strength which was highly variable, as such it decreased by 30 % in smooth and unsmooth surface in H2O cured status where as for the air cured status it increased by 40 % between smooth and unsmooth surface.2.3.6 Influence of Bond CoatIt is common that some external agents are used in the mix to accomplish a higher degree of adhesion. Many writers have different sentiment sing this, chiefly the bond coats like polymer complexs. Some writers ( Silfwerbrand, 1998 ) argue that the bond coats can ensue in creative activity of an excess plane of failing. As a consequence, it has been advised to avoid the bond coats. Further, the bond coats could besides take to the decrease of the ignition interlock consequence ensuing in an overall negative consequence ( Garbacz et al, 2005 ) . On the other manus these statements have been questioned by some other writers. Interestingly, harmonizing to some other writers ( Austin et al, 1995 Pretorius and Kruger, 2001 ) , the presence of the bond coats could increase the adhesion procedure betw een the two concretes.To this point, Garbacz et Al ( 2005 ) conducted a survey to look into the influence of surface encumbrance of the concretes on the adhesion mechanism between the concrete beds. Different surface intervention methods were used in order to accomplish different qualities of surface on the concrete stuff surface. Additionally, a fix howitzer with coat was applied to the old concrete and the adhesion was measured. The consequences showed that, in the instance of the sheathings applied without the bond coats, the adhesion procedure was influenced by the raggedness of the concrete substrate.Form this, it was concluded that the good bond strength belongingss can be achieved from the howitzer ( repair howitzer ) and the bond coat belongingss. It was further concluded that the belongingss of the bond coats and the howitzer helped in bridging the micro clefts and concrete pieces, and besides filled the surface abnormalities. Therefore, it can be concluded on the recent p lants on influence of the surface on the adhesion between the surfaces the roughness status of the surface can be regarded as one of the change or act uponing factor in the fix of the concretes.From these treatments on the different factors impacting the bond it can be concluded that the consequences are non ever in consensus and there is still need for surveies to be carried out in this country for deriving farther penetration of the existent behavior of bond with regard to alterations in factors impacting it.2.4 Surface Roughening TechniqueThere are different ways in which the surface of the stuffs can be prepared to accomplish different raggedness conditions. However, the chief purpose of executing the surface intervention on the substrate is to the brand sure that the unwanted beds that might cut down the adhesion procedure are take before the new beds of concretes are laid on to the surface. In add-on, this besides ensures that the entire country of surface contact is increas ed to the maximal degree. The forms and feelings achieved on the surface will depend upon the energy applied and chosen techniques.Roughening Techniques which does non deteriorate the mechanical unity of the substrate stuff must be used. It is of import to see the local anaesthetic status of the concrete under consideration. Consequently, common techniques like chisel and cocks, sandblasting, hydro-jetting, needle gunning, crunching or milling, hammering etc, may be used ( Garbacz et al, 2005 ) .2.4.2 Measurement of RoughnessThe raggedness is by and large assessed qualitatively. But, placing the fact that this sort of raggedness rating leads to subjectiveness of consequences, there have been some efforts made to quantify the raggedness. For, case mechanical profilometry was used to distinguish polished and sandblasted concrete surfaces ( Courard 1998, Courard and Nelis 2003 & A Courard and Garbacz 2004 ) . Due to some defects of this procedure like viability with lone short surfac es etc. , another method of optical psychoanalysis was developed ( Perez et al 2003 ) in order to analyze big surfaces. Subsequently on, these two above mentioned techniques were compared by Courard et Al ( 2006 ) and they concluded that with the combination of these two methods it is possible to acquire a really good description of raggedness at all graduated tables. They besides pointed out some restrictions of these methods sing the form of panache which would do it impossible to take measurings on really unsmooth surfaces and other restrictions being really clip devouring etc. ,In another survey by Courard et Al ( 2004 ) a point which is concluded is that a parametric quantity Xa which is the arithmetic mean of the going of the raggedness profile from the average line is the major discriminating parametric quantity for the comparing of surface readying techniques.In a new method for measuring the surface raggedness Abu Tair et Al ( 2000 ) , studied five different sorts of ra ggedness including needle gunning. They used a different attack for quantifying the raggedness by associating the sum of raggedness to Roughness side of the raggedness profile obtained. They concluded that the raggedness gradient parametric quantity can give a proper indicant of the balmy surfaces.In this survey an effort is made to happen out a similar sort of parametric quantity to which the sum of raggedness can be related and the chapped surfaces can appropriately be categorized.

Football Violence

Football hooliganism is increasing in Scotland, but in the 80s thats when football game violence was at its worse. Over the past years it has being increasing in vast numbers of football thugs from different cities and whenever there police squad play they travel to the game and after hoping for a manage with the opposite firm.The first recorded incident of a large scale crowd fight was in 1909 with Glasgow Celtic and Glasgow Rangers. Scotlands first nonionized firm was Aberdeen (Aberdeen soccer Casuals) which included Punks and skinheads. The periodic name became a braggart(a) part in it because they wore casual clothing such as big brands known as Fila, Lacoste, ellesse and Adidas original. In this clothing they were disguised and had no trouble with police and now that there fights were organised it was bound to happen.The other Scottish firms such as St.Mirren ( lovemaking Street Division), Clyde (Shawfield Shed End Boys), Dundee and Dundee United (Dundee Utility), Celtic ( Celtic Soccer crew), Rangers (ICF Inter City Firm), Hibernian (Capital City Service), Motherwell (Saturday Service), Partick Thistle (North Glasgow Express), Falkirk (fear) And Dunfermline (Carnegie Soccer service), but topping all those firms was the victorious ASC Aberdeen Soccer Casuals.In the 1980s the Aberdeens ASC and Hibernians CCS became the most feargond casual force in Scotland but as Hibernian edging their mien to the top spot after a few years. From the 2000s the casual scene has declined in Scotland but recently firms such as Aberdeen, Dundee Utility, Celtic Soccer Crew, Hibernian, Hearts, Partick Thistle, Airdrie, Love Street Division and Rangers Still grant a large number of casuals active. In the Euros of 96 the CCS (hibs) along with Celtics CSC, Dundee Utility, Partick Thistles NGE, Motherwells SS, St Mirrens LSD, and Aberdeen ASC organised a fight with Chelsea, Millwall, Rangers and Airdrie Section B in the centre of Trafalgar square. This incident attracted worl dwide media with footage of the two large firms during the action.In the 2000s the police had to come up a solution to reduce the numbers of firms and in a result of this any football casual caught in action was handed a range of five years in prison, the government hit the casual scene hard by doing this. They as well increased the number of CCTV in Britain. In Scotland they also introduced FoCus police which go to games and video a suspicious crowd and they will try and gatheron suspects of the football firm. It has worked out to be a good idea and it has caused some football clubs to ban the some of the casuals from the ground temporary or even permanently, this at least stops violence deep down the grounds of the football club.Football violence in Scotland is bad but in England its history goes way back. England has double the firms and probably triples the amount of casual members. In England football hooliganism is far worse than what it is in Scotland but the police are on top of it. I think all this violence at football should be stopped because it is a family sport there are children at the game, not only violence but racism and sectarianism should also have a stop put to it and the worst culprits are the English because of the size of the country the members of the firms double.Schemes like Show Racism the Red Card have had an meeting on the situation because racism is out of order but also really offensive. In the modern day it is the youngsters keeping the scene alive that is wherefore it is increasing but still a lot of older casuals. The younger firms out there such as Hibs baby crew (hibs), Rangers Youth (rangers), Celtic baby crew (celtic), Alliance Under Fives (Dundee, Dundee utd) Paisley Under Fives (st.mirren) Morton youth (Morton) and many more there are a lot more younger firms toilsome to live up to their club firms reputation.The youngsters see themselves as the next generation but they are young and obviously dont know what they a re getting themselves into. Football violence is a horrible thing and very dangerous so it is vital that the police are always on their toes industrious for the firms to kick off at any moment and cause catastrophe in Britains streets. The police are cracking down on the big names in the game which is good progress and hopefully in feature years the casual scene is totally broke down and football fans dont need to worry about their safety and enjoy the wonderful game of football.

Hul Asignment – Case Study1

1. Employee benefits and Long Term Settlement Although initially positive about the move, the intensive c atomic number 18 unit run lowers had begun to demand to a greater extent m unityy to compensate for the increased travel costs and the more than expensive food at the TF. (case flying field p. 5) The issue was escalated to the corporate head barons who decided that intensive c ar unit employees would be granted a cafeteria bonus of Rs. 25 per day but non a conveyance allowance. (case study p. 7) The three units had variant policies for teatime breaks eateon breaks Holiday lists Festival advances Pay structures Designations Working timelinesICU s tear down eld in three shifts TF six days in devil shifts TIU five days in a single shift The LTS in any case covers machine speeds, productivity, medical T&Cs, prayer times for religious groups. (case study p. 8) Factory unions present their study of demands to the manufactory management. Factory management negotiate wi th the Central Industrial Relations Committee for an overall parcel that the committee would sanction as a plow over out. Local management then negotiate with the unions and it is signed off once the majority of unions accept. (case study p. 8)Each day after 28th of February that the LTS is not hold the employees lose out on whatever allowance increment the agreement contained. (case study p. 8) Older workers are more concerned with pensions, bare-asser workers want to increase take home pay. (case study p. 9) (case study p. 9) The current LTS is for the Tea Factory, the LTS for the TIU expires in 2010 and for the ICU in 2011. Any agreements in the TF LTS will set precedent for future settlements. Consequences at that place will be uncertainty and unrest amongst the employees until the issues are resolved. Need to improve employee engagement.Precedents will be set for future settlements. So considerations should be given to how functional conditions sewer be best standardi sed. LTS negotiations have in the past become violent resulting in the breakdown of parley and adverse effects on the business. (case study p. 8) Employees are losing out on benefits while waiting for this to be sorted so it is in everyones best interest to resolve it quickly. Solutions A good package will be an effective tool for recruitment and retention of colleagues and help to sustain module motivation and engagement.According to Bratton and Gold (2007, p. 364) the reward system is an eventful consideration when the organisation is trying to attract suitable employees, and once workers are members of the organisation, their task behaviour and takes of death penalty are influenced by the reward system. A juvenile article by Manisha Chada of the people matters from India has noted the concept of rewards is draw ining increasing popularity, particularly due to the diverse needs of an evolved workforce.Other factors that should as well as be considered are hawkish salarie s, comfortable lifestyle, job security, career enhancement options, and work-life balance Effective communication with employees plays a vital role during the restructuring period of any organisation as it helps to decent inform the employees about the changes. This helps to remove the uncertainty and allay fears amongst employees and at that placefore may overcome any resistance that may result thereof.Casio (200296) believes that open and ongoing communication is critical to a fortunate restructuring effort. Paton and James (200045) believe that effective communication that is designed to inform, consult and promote action will help in overcoming both resistance and ignorance amongst employees. Owning shares will turn in employees with financial incentives that will make them more committed to the organisation and more prompt at work. If the company is more profitable, employees will gain financially done dividend payments and an increased share price.Many companies in India much(prenominal) as have employee contribution pension fascinates so employees can choose if they want to put money into the pension or keep it in their take home pay a certain amount of salary can be allocated and company would match up that to a set limit. This would give the older employees the option to put more money into their Relocation of workers we recover that it is unfair that colleagues have been relocated and now have extra travel costs and travel time. The company could arrange a bus to pick up employees from certain agreed points and ferry them to the Tea Factory.This could improve colleague commitment as it would show that takes on board their feedback. I would suggest that the management team should put in place a core package for all employees that can be replicated for the ICU and TIU. Additional benefits could be added dependant on score and performance. According to an article on Employee Satisfaction in the Journal of Industrial management and Data Syst ems, this would contribute to colleague engagement and motivation. Policies on tea breaks, lunch breaks, festival advances, holiday policy and prayer times could be standardised for all colleagues.It would be wise to carry out a review of the grading structure of all three parts of the Tea Factory and to standardise grades and job titles and pay for colleagues performing similar roles throughout the organisation. Arguments How are we going to behave the CEO and management to agree to an improved package. What about the younger people, will they realise the importance of a pension scheme? Perhaps it would be a good fancy for the company or unions to educate the employees about the pension scheme.It would also be a good idea to allow employees to amend the office that they contribute at certain times. The management have already declined to pay travel costs individually could help to build relations between employees and gain confidence from the employees. 2. Issues between the m anagement and the unions The challenge of manageing the disparate workforce will fall to the Factor Manager, the Commercial Manager and the HR Manager. The HR manager, is female, 26 and this is her head have assignment. (case study p. 2) at that place was no HR team in place when Suchita arrived at the factory.All previous managers had been male, native to the state and had four to five age of experience. one worker had said to her youre younger than even my daughter, and I dont like the fact that I have to report to you. Suchita has hired an experienced local man onto the HR team to ease relations with the workforce. (case study p. 6) The loss leader of the TF due north C is argumentative, and the union is more uncooperative than the differents. The leader barged into Suchitas office on her first day in the factory and threatened to strike if an issue was not resolved. case study p. 5) The ICU unions had not been part of a large multinational before and were careful of s tandardised processes. They also felt that they were not compensated on a par with other HUL unions and looked to the upcoming merger to gain a significant pay out for their people. When Suchita arrived, the TF and ICU had separate factory managers. Just after she started the ICU manager relinquish and two months later she learned that the TF manager would move to another role in Dec 2008. The abrupt change in managers increased the unions unease. case study p. 67) Union leaders have highlighted the differences in working TCs amongst the different units. (case study p. 8) ICU employees became more disgusting and reluctant to change as the move drew nearer. (case study p. 8) Management have adopted a tough stance on negotiations see p. 8. As the older workers were replaced inter union rivalries resurfaced. (case study p. 9) Unions are becoming increasingly possessive of their members in order to preserve their group identity and importance. (case study p. 9) ConsequencesIf the uni ons are not organised effectively there is a potential that they will strike. The issues with management structure such as the change in TF and ICU managers are leading to unrest and need to be resolved. The ICU unions possibly need help to integrate into the TF structure as they are becoming very wary about the changes and could cause unrest and protest amongst the employees. Union rivalry is increasing, could be bad for the business therefore it would be bust to stabilise the structure as soon as possible. Change management. Integration. Solutions To reduce issues between management and unionsEmployees should be allowed to take part right from the beginning of restructuring process. Employees are more likely to be supportive of any changes if they are allowed to genuinely take part in meetings and workshops where the envisaged changes are discussed at the outset Every attempt should be made by management to share all the necessary information with employees accurately and at appr opriate times. This will create an atmosphere of trust and commitment amongst employees and will also enhance the integrity and credibility of management and their intentionsEmployees must always see some benefits coming out of the change process and management must gibe that these gains are clearly understood by all the relevant employees. Reward structures that are clearly understood by employees as well as facilities such as the cafeteria must be reconsidered as important elements of the change processes A strategic human resource blueprint for retention, re-skilling and movement of employees to spick-and-span roles and functions must be developed and be made known to all relevant parties. More coaching and training for the local managers including HR manager.Equality and diversity policy and take into account training to the colleagues. According to an article by Kathy Gans it is important to gain a good understanding of how changes will impact the workforce. It would be a go od idea to conduct surveys to gauge the feelings of employees and then analyse the results to put together a plan. Gans identifies that it is important to spend time with managers, supervisors and union leaders to establish their buy in to the process as they will play a significant role in influencing colleagues.Gans also identifies that communication is key to successful change management. It is important to r severally the reasons for the change to the workforce. In this case, we believe that the move of the TIU and the ICU will be beneficial for the company as a whole but will also bewilder benefits for the employees such as greater stability and job security. Regular, targeted communication will help develop employees understanding of the process. Changes do affect organisations and employees.Employees become insecure, lost(p) about their jobs and therefore, less productive. According to Anderson and Anderson (20011) the success of 21st Century organisations will depend on h ow successful leaders are at leading and managing this change. They contend that most organisation leaders are found wanting when it comes to leading change successfully. Andersons Nine- Phase Change Process Model could be utilised. One to one communication with employees would also help them to voice their fears whilst allowing management to challenge any misconceptions.In 1993 Lloyds bank merged with TSB this is a good example of communication to employees. At the start of the process they made a promise to their employees that they would be open and honest with them, whether the news was good or bad. This helped to build trust with employees at the start of the process and we would recommend it as a strategy. Union forum structure a communication process between the unions and management. Suggest that the unions from the ICU and TF merge these two have similar processes and are both factory based.The TIU work is completely different and the unions are national rather than loc al so it may be best for them to remain separate. 3. Company Cultures unified culture and the cafeteria issue The integrated factory would be occupied by 250 workers reflecting three evident cultures and seven different organised trade unions. (case study p. 1) Biswaranjan Sen (head of project) is concerned that there is a need for a one factory way of doing things that tapped the best of the three cultures. (case study p. ) The underlie philosophy with which this company has been run for many decades is the belief that what is good for India is good for us, keep uped HULs CEO and Managing Director Nitin Paranjpe, adding , the only way you can break through is to remain relevant to the society in which you operate. Therefore, social and societal needs and contexts, as they changed in this country, have been at the forefront of what weve done. (case study p. 2) The CEOs main concerns were about plans to bridge the cultural gap. (case study p. 9 ) Suchita was not sure whether it would be intermit to integrate the TF and the ICU immediately or to wait.There were business benefits to integrating the units. The two business cycles are different, ice cream peaks just before summer while tea peaks in winter. The integrated units would provide an opportunity to train workers across different businesses and to break the physical detachment of workplaces. (case study p. 9) Tea Factory (TF) The workforce at the Tea factory is aging (53+ years) and they have previously experienced challenging times. They were positive about the change of strategy to use the Tea Factory as a central hub. sunrise(prenominal) initiatives were embraced and inter-union rivalry played out in the background. case study p. 34) The TF workers were put out by the changes made for the TIU workers, one Union leader complained We work in 40 degree C on the shop floor in the summer they sit in air conditioned offices. Our food, too, was made better only after the others came. What are we, thei r poor country cousins? (case study p. 4) Between 2005 and 2008 many workers, including some of the union reps, retired. New colleagues came in who were not as bear upon by the issues of the past and the culture began to change. Union rivalry increased. (case study p. 5) There are three unions (case study p. ) Union A one of the stronger factory unions, make up mainly of veterans with almost 20-25 years of experience. Union B the factorys oldest and at one time largest union though now smaller than Union A after some of its most powerful and respected leaders had retired. Union C the forceful and argumentative style of its leader was reflected in the prevalent uncooperativeness of the union. The factory unions have on a number of occasions demanded to know why they do not receive the same privileges as the ICU. (case study p. 9) Tea excogitation Unit (TIU)Previously located in the Regional Corporate Office, the two unions agreed to move to the Tea Factory on the condition t hat their office space was maintained with similar standards for food and other benefits. (case study p. 4) New plush air-conditioned offices were installed with a separate entrance creating two separate units with distinct cultures. (case study p. 4) There are two unions that are structured and hierarchical like British unions. They are not local unions, they have a structure, maintain offices and function like an organisation. They are efficient and progressive and dont relate to the factory unions. case study p. 5) Ice Cream Unit Acquired by HUL in 1998. HUL introduced many of its standard systems and policies such as quality assurance and workplace safety but the culture and way of working had not changed. farm out promotions were not standard, and even designations and titles were different across grades. The working culture was very laid back and relaxed. (case study p. 4) The set up was familial, workers lived nearby and new each others families. Workers often went beyond t he scope of their work to deliver what the business needed and supported managements efforts to increase production efficiency.The relationship between management and the two unions was cordial. (case study p. 4) The ICU workers were initially pleased with the announcement that they would move to the Tea Factory as the TF had better facilities for employee welfare and recreation. One union leader remarked By bringing more things here you are strengthening the entire unit and improving our job stability. (case study p. 5) The two ICU unions are affiliated with the State political parties. Because of the cordial relationship with management they were the most approachable. They had not been part of a large multinational before.They have a different approach to the LTS, treat their existing LTS as a guideline only. Cafeteria Issues When the TIU relocated to the TF the canteen food was upgraded at greater cost to match the better meals at the Regional Corporate Office. The TF unions re fused to pay any more for their food so despite the fact that all other cafeterias were operated on a no profit, no loss basis, HUL agreed to subsidise the difference. (case study p. 4) ICU workers argued that the food at the TF was more expensive than their previous cafeteria and wanted compensation for the difference. (case study p. 57)The issue is important to workforce as food is culturally significant and is interwoven into the social, religious and artistic lives of the people. (case study p. 7) The ICU workers were granted a premium of Rs. 25 per day. This increased tensions over the cafeteria(case study p. 7) The TIU unions argued that the cafeteria was a basic condition of employment in relocating to the TF and their terms cannot change. (case study p. 7) The TF unions stated that management increased the scorecard when the TIU came in, now they want to water it down when the ICU comes in. Is it fair that it changes each time a new unit comes in? case study p. 7) The facto ry unions would almost certainly resist managements effort to change the cafeterias full lunch subsidy, and the other unions had already made it clear that they were adamantly opposed to separate menus. (case study p. 10) Consequences How to build greater transparency and trust with employees? If the cultures are not integrated rivalry and jealousy between the units will restrain to increase which could lead to strikes and a mistrustful and de-motivated workforce. An unhappy workforce is less productive and less supportive of management initiatives so solutions need to be found.The employees are unhappy about the cafeteria for various reasons. Solutions The organisation cannot function properly with several dominant cultures. One dominant culture will therefore have to be adopted for the new organisation. it is imperative for managers to equip themselves with conflict handling techniques to enable them to effectively manage the change process. An organisational restructuring proces s will only be successful if it aligns all the aspects of the organisation. Johnson and Scholes (2002534) argue, If change is to be successful, it also has to link the strategic, operational and everyday aspects of the organisation.Before SmithKline merged with the British-based Beecham Group a few years ago, the Philadelphia-based dose manufacturer wanted to find out whether the corporate cultures of the two soakeds were sufficiently similar to make the merger succeed. During the merger, over 2,000 people from both firms were divided into more than 200 teams to figure out how to integrate their respective structures, systems, and cultures. From the very beginning, they were learning how to work together, Integration integrate the corporate cultures of both organizations.This involves combining two or more cultures into a new composite culture that preserves the best features of the previous cultures. Raytheon is applying an integration strategy as the defense and aerospace conglo merate develops a new culture for the half-dozen companies that recently merged or were acquired. 56 Integration is most effective when the companies have relatively weak cultures or when their cultures include several imbrication values. Integration also works best when people realize that their existing cultures are ineffective and are therefore motivated to adopt a new set of dominant values.However, integration is slow and potentially risky, because there are many forces preserving the existing cultures. Separation A separation strategy occurs where the merging companies agree to remain distinct entities with minimal exchange of culture or organizational practices. Insignia Financial Group, a South Carolina real estate firm, has applied a separation strategy to its more than 30 acquisitions over the past decade. When we buy the companies, we leave the infrastructure in place, says Henry Horowitz, Insignias executive managing director. Were buying a successful company. Why would we want to disrupt something that works?And the morale becomes terrible if you start decimating. Separation is most appropriate when the two merging companies are in unrelated industries because the most appropriate cultural values tend to differ by industry. Unfortunately, few acquired firms remain independent for long because executives in the acquiring firm want to control corporate decisions. Therefore, its not surprising that only 15 percent of acquisitions leave the purchased organization as a stand-alone unit. Cafeteria to call a range of food at various prices of the colleagues can pick and mix their meals and pay as much or as little as they want to.There is no staff development scheme in place, perhaps factory workers could develop towards a role in the Tea Innovation Unit could help to break down the barriers between the units and dispel rivalry. Could include training relevant to role e. g. health and safety, equlity and diversity (Motivation and engagement) Listen to the employees not everything through the unions, employee forums and possibly one to ones with colleagues to develop two way communication between management and employees. Colleague engagement surveys Allow feedback from employees on managers, develop psychological contracts with employees. rung social events to break down barriers Multiskill the workforce, perhaps ask for volunteers at first then roll out further. Allow employees to work flexible patterns. 4. Colleague issues development, motivation, staff levels Tea Factory In the 90s HUL adopted a strategy of regionalising tea production. As a result production at the Tea Factory reduced and between 1989 and 1998 there were eight rounds of voluntary redundancy. (case study p. 3) Workers heard stories of those who had taken VRS and had not done well. As a result some higher level employees voluntarily downgraded to ensure job security. case study p. 3) In the 90s the workers perception was that the company made a lot of money a nd there was no need to worry. There was reluctance to acknowledge that although the company as a whole was profitable their unit might not be alter to that performance. (case study p. 3) Management need to replace the many worker who retired between 2005 and 2008. They are concerned about the emergence of a new set of panorama leaders. (case study p. 8) Newer workers who had not witnessed the downturn of the Tea Factory were less restrained in their demands. In the old days, the workmen would come in on Sunday for training, even without overtime pay, although they didnt know how it would benefit them. they were that motivated. Now, we have to persuade the new recruits to come in on a Sunday. And we pay them overtime (case study p. 9) Consequences Management need to replace the employees who retired as the rest of the workforce will be under pressure to cover until the positions are filled. Newer workers are no longer motivated by fear of losing their job so a way needs to be fo und to motivate them.Colleagues need to be kept informed of the performance of the unit so they can act accordingly. Solutions Consider perspectives and experiences of local employees. Consider interventions that could bring the best out of the employees e. g. introduce a reward and recognition scheme to reward performance. (Motivation) Create a performance culture introduce targets, regular one to ones, plans for output an deliver against it link output to bonus Older employees bring a diverse range of skills, could use them in a different capacity e. g. coaching and mentoring the new staff.

How Should Waste Be Disposed Of Environmental Sciences Essay

This research is to larn and open our head about the waste in our milieu and how to boil down mow or dispose the waste right. This is of import because our Earth is acquiring covered with a waste. The article below show the cogent evidence.The UK produces more than 434 million metric piles of waste every twelvemonth. Every twelvemonth UK families throw off the equivalent of 3 ? million bus coachs ( about 30 million metric slews ) , a waiting line of which would stretch from London to Sydney ( Australia ) and back. On norm, each individual in the UK, throws off seven times their organic structure weighting ( about 500kg ) in trash every twelvemonth. ?I would strongly believe the Earth would truly appreciate and thankful to hold homos who know how to deletion down or dispose the waste with a right manner.IntroductionThe dumping of waste at suited sites around the state is the usual agencies of disposal worldwide. It whitethorn be the quickest and the cheapest manner to acquire ri d of waste but it is non a solution to the job of waste disposal. Indeed, at times is has led to major(ip) catastrophes. Landfill is an operation where the waste is use to come full up digging or natural hollow in the land. A shit may be good served but non ever.In the UK, possibly 90 % of altogether waste including toxic and other unsafe waste is still disposed of by landfill. ? So we need to halt shit the waste and make a proper manner to dispose all the waste. This is to forestall the land H2O pollution.As a consequences, we need to recycle all the wastes. Recycling is a processing used stuffs into new merchandises in browse to forestall waste of potentially utile stuffs, cut down the ingestion of fresh natural stuffs, cut down energy use, cut down air pollution, H2O pollution and lower nursery gas. The start out waste that we can recycle atomic number 18 fictile, steel, gum elastic, glass, wood, paper and so on. Different waste difference type and method of recycle.PlasticP lastic is unitary of the most material waste around the universe. Plastic is light weight and versatile, doing it an ideal stuff for m both applications. When we recycle the tractile, we will cut down the book of waste traveling into the landfill, reduces the sum of oil used for fictile production and reduces the sum of energy consumed. We need to recycle plastic because plastic can arrogate up to 500 old ages to break up. One metric ton of plastics is tantamount to 20,000 two litre drinks bottles or 120,000 be ber bags.?Presents, the demand and used of plastic are acquiring addition. Most of them are seeking to alter the used of other stuff to plastic. For illustration, autos are progressively utilizing fictile constituents in an attempt to cut down vehicle weight and better fuel ingestion. Then, nutrient is being repackaged in plastic instead than glass or Sn in order to cut down weight and merchandise harm.Chameleon. Internet ( 2004 ) Waste Online, Available at hypertext move out protocol //www.wasteonline.org.uk Walter, J.K. and Wint, A. ( 1981 ) , Industrial Effluent Treatment, UK, Allied Science Publishers..The bulky growing in plastic usage is due to the good belongingss of plastics. These includeExtreme versatility and ability to be tailored to run into really specific adroit demands.Lighter weight than viing stuffs, cut downing fuel ingestion during transit.Extreme lastingness.Resistance to chemicals, H2O and impact.Good safety and hygiene belongingss for nutrient packaging.Excellent thermic and electrical insularity belongingss.Relatively cheap to bring forth.However, the are a batch type of plastics such as polythene Terephthalate, gamey Density Polyethylene, Polyvinyl Chloride, disordered Density Polyethylene, Polypropylene, Polystyrene and many another(prenominal) more. Different plastic have different strength, stamina, denseness, runing point, life clip and utilizations. Some can be make for nutrient container and some ca nt because in corporate chemical and toxic. Some can be make for utilizing in high force per unit area and high temperature. The following tabular aline illustrates the most common types of plastics used, their applications and the symbol which is frequently used to place them on signifiers of plastic packaging.Polymer TypesExamples of applicationsSymbolPolyethylene TerephthalateFizzy drink, H2O bottles, salad trays, medical specialty containersHigh Density PolyethyleneMilk bottles, bleach, cleaners and most shampoo bottles.Polyvinyl ChloridePipes, adjustments, window and door frames ( stiff PVC ) , thermic insularity ( PVC froth ) and self-propelling parts.Low Density PolyethyleneCarrier bags, bin line drives, boxing movies.PolypropyleneMargarine bath, microwaveable repast trays, besides produced as fibers and fibrils for rugs, wall coveringsPolystyreneYoghurt pots, froth beefburger boxes and egg cartons, fictile cutter, protective packaging for electronic goods and playthings. Insulating stuf f in the edifice and building industry.Unallocated MentionsAny other plastics that do non fall into any of the above classs for illustration polycarbonate which is frequently used in glazing for the aircraft industryTable 1. Type of plastic, application and symbol ?Plastic recycling subprogramThere are three cardinal factors when believing about how to recycle The 3 R sFigure 1. 4Recycling is an first-class manner of salvaging energy and conserving the environment because 1 recycled fictile bottle can salvage adequate energy to power a 60-watt visible radiation bulb for 3 hours. 4 To make the recycle procedure, there are a few stairss such as shredding, dividing, runing and remanufacturing. These are the common barroom to make the recycle procedure but different type of plastic required different measure of remanufacturing.ShredingFigure 2. 4Shreding is a cutting procedure. We will set all the fictile waste into a shredding machine and the machine will tear up the waste until it s become little pieces or grain. WRAP ( 2008 ) Plastic type, Available athypertext transfer protocol //www.wrap.org.uk/manufacturing/info_by_material/plastic/types_of_plastic.html4 FUBRA LIMITED ( 2003-2008 ) Recycle at place, Available athypertext transfer protocol //www.recycling-guide.org.uk/rrr.htmlSeparatingFigure 3. 4There are 3 phases of dividing. Blowing, drifting and centrifution. Once we finish tear uping all the waste, we will make a blowing procedure. This procedure is to take all the unwanted igniter stuffs such as paper labels and mulcts.Before the grains go into a floating procedure, it must travel into a scrubber machine. During this procedure, the grain will be washed with a fussy detergent. This is to take the nutrient that might stay on the inside surface of bottles or containers, gum that is used at the label s containers and any priming that might be present. After that, it will travel into drifting container. In this container, the grain will be drain with H 2O. Then we will see that all the heavier grain like Polyethylene Terephthalate ( PET ) will be sink while the lighter grain like Polypropylene ( PP ) and High Density Polyethylene ( HDPE ) will be drifting at the top. So, we have separated the different type of plastic. The last measure of separating is a centrifution. This measure is similar with a blowing procedure. meltFigure 4. 4Once we done separated the fictile base on their group, we have to run it. Different group require different warming point. For illustration, the thaw point for HDPE is 130-135 & A deg C while the thaw point for LDPE is around 110-115 & A deg C. After that, it will travel into a chilling procedure and will be cut to go a little flake. This flake is called pallet . Pallet is a fictile natural stuff and this procedure is called repelletizing .4 FUBRA LIMITED ( 2003-2008 ) Recycle at place, Available athypertext transfer protocol //www.recycling-guide.org.uk/rrr.htmlRemanufacturingFigure 5. Injectin g mould 4 Figure 6. Calendaring 4This is a last measure before the wastes become a new merchandise. Once once more, there are many type of remanufacturing such as injection mold, blow mold, calendaring, extruder, thermoforming and many more. Most of the plastic merchandises are made by injection molding. Example of the merchandises are fork, spoon, home base, bowl, toys, disc casing and many more. Blow mold is exactly for green goods bottles and the calendaring is for doing a fictile sheet. Extruder is a procedure to do a long tubing or hosiery.Future developmentPlastic being used widely for our day-to-day needs plastic bag, nutrient container, bottle, packaging, etc. Therefore, a batch of plastic is required and there should be new coevals, development and unbroken research to counterbalance with today s life style. Invention is really indispensable to procure a strong hereafter for the interest of environmental protective cover and the sustainability of merchandises based from plastic. Therefore, technology company will be given to plan more sophisticated machine which can recycle the plastic with assortment of advantages in footings of quality of merchandise, cost of production and clip consuming.Beside that, we besides have to believe about a new merchandise made by plastic in order to replace other merchandise which have been made by other stuff such as steel. For illustration, auto organic structure. Currently, about 95 % of the auto organic structure in the universe utilizing steel and merely 5 % is utilizing C fiber. This is because, the cost to bring forth the C fiber is so high. As a consequence, we need to make a research to better the plastic capableness. Once we archive the hereafter program, we will be able to make up the demand of plastic. Stating that point, authorities may be can do an offer to purchase a fictile waste from people. As a consequences, people are seeking to maintain their fictile waste and sell it. In the other manus, we ar e non merely can cut down the waste but we do by to bring forth some gross.DecisionRecycling is the best solution for waste direction and to derive sustainability stuff. It is non easy to develop new engineerings and methods for recycle. Therefore, allow us made usage of it sagely and pull off this waste decently even though the utilizations of plastic is acquiring higher.4 FUBRA LIMITED ( 2003-2008 ) Recycle at place, Available athypertext transfer protocol //www.recycling-guide.org.uk/rrr.html

Benjamin Franklin Essay

Founding father Benjamin Franklin once said, The way to see assurance is to shut the spunk of reason. Theists for thousands of years pretend shut their eyes to reason and blindly followed the word of those who would lay down them believe in false gods. Reason demonstrates, by outlets such as Occams razor, the lack of a take for the existence of those gods and the shortcomings of theists in movements to prove their combine. Such shortcomings virtually prominently come in the sorrow to provide empirical data for the existence of gods, in fact, experimentation and observation show early(a)wise.To accompany a lack of convey and a lack of shew, because faith causes one to turn a blind eye to reason, arguments for theism are a exhaustively deal shoddy, personal, and small at best, and move be easily negated. Reason, a lack of evidence, and weak arguments leave mankind just now one option in regards to belief in the supernatural no god or gods actually exist. Occams Razo r not sole(prenominal) establishes the falsehood of a requirement for gods, but also shifts the burden of proving the existence of gods unto the theorists.In blunt enclosures, the Razor states that, All other things be equal, a simpler explanation is preferred over a complex one (Krauss). Therefore, entities should not be multiplied unnecessarily, so the simplest of theories should be chosen before the most complex and that the unknown should first be measured in known quantities (Krauss). A graven image, while providing a simple metaphysical escape for the absence of evidence, adds a plethora of unneeded layers of complexity to the creation of the universe.The addition of a supreme being to the equation not only dismantles established laws of physics, but creates a fictitious character of pyramidal scheme to the universal hierarchy, with the deity at the top, as its influence erect butterfly out to touch everything in existence and possibly fixing its physical properties. Th e metaphysical effect of a deity on the physical world would have unimaginable effect on known forces and constant quantitys, creating a tap that streams unknown quantities.Fortunately, Occams Razor demands that without empirical data solving some of those unknowns, there is no need to add a god to the equation and the deity whoremaster be dismissed (Krauss). To stack on the allowance of a dismissal of gods by the Razor, Occam also requires that the burden of proof of gods falls to theists. Without a need for a god, one must not assume without evidence that a deity exists, just as one would not assume a Minnie pilfer teapot floats between the Earth and Mars without empirical proof of its existence (Krauss).Therefore, if there is no need for a god, then theists must provide tangible hinderance demonstrating the existence of such a being in redact for a reasonable person to feel the need to believe in it (Myers). If the theists, on the other hand are unable to provide tangible co nfirmation, then the majority are essentially asking the world to follow their religion without a need for god, without proof, and on the terms that the church understands all there is to know of the universe. In the end, thanks to Occams Razor, in order for the thesis to stand atheists need not disprove the idea of gods, as one suffernot prove a negative.They need only to disprove (or prove the absence of) the evidence supporting theism. The religious throughout history have failed to provide empirical data for the existence of gods in fact, experimentation and observation shows otherwise. Theism ultimately provides no factual evidence indicating the existence of a god or multiple gods. The so-called strongest proof for the presence of the supernatural lies almost entirely in the realm of unreliable personal bes (Faust 72). Theists will often claim that they know of their gods through personal communication or through the feeling of their presence in the world.This idea inspires quite the opposite of the confidence in God the religious are trying to demonstrate by sharing that information. What the concept of feeling gods or having them peach to a person is not only condoned as ludicrous by those who do not partake in the lie, but if true indicates something that drifts very nearly toward borderline mental illness. Those who believe their gods speak to them should not be granted any immunity other schizophrenics are not and need to be admitted into a psychiatric ward.The thought that personal experience that cannot and has not been processed through a reasonable scientific experimental procedure can take the place of real evidence is one divided up solely by theists. The world does not so lightheartedly admit untested and inconstant variables such as personal experiences because no one who logically assesses the facts could chastely do so. The nonreligious portion of the Earths population does not recognize personal experience as a viable form of evidence for anyone withal theists (Faust 72). This arises from the notion that these experiences claimed by the religious are not comparable to find out accounts r recollection of victims in the court of law. Unlike in the display case of witness accounts and recollections, theists demand that the supernatural feelings they have be classified as stand-alone evidence without empirical data or essentially a case to backward it up (Faust 74). This form of proof cannot stand by itself, especially when one takes into con officeration the fact that these experiences happen so little and with so little correlational statistics to any direct event or circumstance that when compared with the rest they produce an insignificant number (Faust 75).Not to mention of course, that any witness account in a case must be taken with a grain of salt, as one can never be certain they are carnal knowledge the truth without the backing of empirical data. In a vain attempt to denounce alternatives to superna tural creation theists often cling to the proud notion that if they can find a single flaw in an important scientific hypothesis, such as natural selection or evolution, then the entire case of the nonexistence of god collapses (Dawkins 51).First, as proved earlier in the paper, the burden of proof is on the theists, so even if theists can disprove every scientific theory they must still prove theirs (Dawkins 53). Second, a scientific theory must be show to be fundamentally flawed in order for it to collapse. A few issues in the theory simply shows that there is a small amount of data missing or that a certain candidate must be corrected, both of which existences would serve to further the theory (Dawkins 53).The distinct difference between science and religion is that the scientific method of proposing a theory allows for the theory to change and adapt according to what is observed, meaning the core of the idea is what needs to collapse for it to be incorrect, not the random outl iers and exceptions picked on by theists. Conclusively, unconnected religious arguments, scientific theory is based on observation and change and therefore need to be proven fundamentally wrong to be in public denounced. Atheists have all heard it before, Complexity, complexity, complexity, complexity, complexity.Did you know that a cell is really complex? Complexity, complexity, complexity, and you are just going to be blown away by the Trilobites. It crazy, theyre like little machines. Complexity. Therefore, design. The argument of complexity through intelligent design is another tidbit of supposed empirical data theists put onwards in an effort to provide physical evidence for the existence of gods (Myers). This contention is one of the main, and essentially their only, religious attempts to put forth empirical data which scientists can measure. The entire idea of complexity indicating design is in every sense ridiculous.The notion can be dispelled by observing the known worl d and reflection nature, or even humans, create complex structures by chance or accident. Take for example, a young boy who tires of playing with a stick and throws it into a nearby creek. The stick floats downstream until it gets caught between two rocks at a narrow, and begins to catch other debris floating by. Eventually a variety of distinct types of objects will form a natural dam in the creek, creating a small pond, which in turn can develop its own ecosystem filled with sprightliness giving the illusion of design, but being completely natural (Myers).As shown in the example, the complexity of the world derived not from design, but from the wonder of chance, evolution, and natural selection. oer hundreds of millions of years life has slowly developed and pieced itself together much like the dam, changing and adapting to conditions and lifestyles on Earth (Myers). The extreme complexity through which the systems of life right away work is derived from the natural selection a spect of evolution, if a system does not work, or fails to quickly adapt, then the system is eliminated time and time again until a system that operates survives (Myers).The argument of complexity solely resides in world of fantasy, has no scientific basis, and should be disregarded as viable physical evidence. Full intumesce knowing how pitiful the points of the argument of intelligent design are, theists look to one final, very childish, measure to save their drowning plight, questioning the validity of science and the scientists who propose it (Mathew 1). Worshippers have long tried to poke holes in important theories such as natural selection and evolution or convince people to dismiss them as simple guesses by scientists (Mathew 1).On the receiving end of most of this ill-informed ridicule rests a creationists worst enemy, the theory of evolution. According to many theists, evolution cannot be as there are, so pompously pointed out, several gaps in the evolutionary chain (Dawk ins 52). Not only does this not affect the validity of a theory as proved earlier, but is entirely untrue. Fortunately in this world there stands a concept known as a universal constant, a constant essentially keeps humans from testing if the floor will hold them every time they leave bed, or if the stove is hot when the on light is on, or allowing them to understand if they ump from a building they will die.These constants allow mankind to make a series of assumptions that make up nearly every ratiocination in an average day. These assumptions permit humans to deduce situations such as that if a malicious looking blood-soaked man leaves a room with a stab in hand and a body is found that the man was the murderer. The same idea transfers to the concept of evolution in the regard that scientists, with proper reasoning and motive, can guide the theory across gaps in the chain and still hold a fair evidence base.This utilization of basic skills as assumptions paired with evidence to substantiate them, along with earlier points of scientific theories abilities to withstand isolated flaws discredits theist attempts to put science to the question. Not only do the religious weakly attempt to discredit scientific theory and method, but they often will question the religious background of scientists in an effort to win people over to their side (Mathew 4). Perhaps the two most famous cases of the abuse of character are that of Albert Einstein and Charles Darwin.For ages now religious fanatics such as Ray Comfort have bastardized their work by releasing edited copies of their books and mining for credits that will purposely mislead the common citizen into believing the scientists were theist. For example, Ray Comfort puts forth this quote about Einstein, I believe in Spinozas God who reveals himself in the orderly harmony of what exists Comfort removed the quote completely from scope in order to misconstrue its true meaning (Mathew 4).Spinozas God is not a god at al l, but a term used to sum up the forces of the universe into a word. Einstein in that very paragraph went on to describe how he does not believe in a god who concerns himself with the fates and actions of humans (Mathew 4). Einstein even addressed this kind of misleading material in his own day writing statements denouncing those who claimed him as a believer in God, It was of course, a lie what you read about my religious convictions, a lie which has been systematically repeated (Mathew 4). Zealots like Comfort also unwrap carefully crafted versions of great works like Darwins Origin of Species in which Darwin claims that he finds it hard to believe that something as astounding as the human eye could have developed through chance, neglecting to add the parts right in which Darwin continues to say that despite this, reason suggests that its true (Mathew 5).The attempt to discredit science and scientists by theists is disgraceful and such a ersonal attack in an impersonal topic alon e should be grounds to dismiss the claim. Overall, theists have repeated neglected to insert any actual empirical data, therefore have no proof of the existence of gods, and must resort to metaphysical or personal claims. Not only do Occams Rule and the absolute lack of empirical evidence disprove the idea of gods, but what arguments theists do rely on are weak, individual, and circumstantial at best, and can all be easily negated.One of these arguments for theism is the existence of morality and the correlation of morals throughout the world and history (Hauser et al 1). This can be easily negated as, put simply, atheists are the perfect example of how this cannot be true. Without guidance and belief in gods they are just as morally good as any religious person (Hauser et al 2).